1
2	Outline Background Effects in broiler production Antimicrobial usage Antimicrobial resistance Animal health Productivity Food borne pathogens Effects in swine production Economy Conclusion
3
4	Danish poultry production Approx. 300 broiler producers 136 million broilers produced per year 192 million kg of chicken slaughtered/year Average rotation size 50-100.000 birds Eight rotations per year (~ one week resting period between each rotation)
5	Consumers are increasingly concerned
6	Antimicrobial resistance is a food safety issue Antimicrobial resistant infections is a major public health problem leading to increased morbidity, mortality and costs of health care Humans and animals constitute overlapping reservoirs of antimicrobial resistance The use of antimicrobials is a main driving force behind resistance development and spread Preventing overuse and misuse of antibiotics in animals and humans is a key component in national and international antibiotic policies
7	Chronology - Danish Termination of AGP’s
8	Use of Antimicrobials in Food Animals Therapy
9	Antimicrobial usage
10
11	Development in consumption of antibiotics
12	Antimicrobials usage by animal species in Denmark 2002
13	DK - US comparison Denmark 139 mio broilers (02) Total abx usage in 2002 62 kg (therapy) 0.0004 g abx/kg chicken 14,031 kg (coccidiostats) 0.084 g abx/kg chicken (Including coccidiostats) Data: DANMAP, 2002 U.S. 7,800 mio broilers (97) Only non-theraputic use 4,800,000 kilograms 0.51 g abx/kg chicken Data: UCS, 2001
14	Antimicrobial resistance
15	The impact on antimicrobial resistance The Danish Integrated Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring and Research Program (DANMAP) was initiated in 1995 Monitors antimicrobial resistance in bacteria of animal, food and human origin The impact of the withdrawal of AGP’s on antimicrobial resistance is monitored through the DANMAP program
16	Resistance to Vancomycin and Synercid among E. faecium and consumption of Avoparcin and Virginiamycin in Denmark
17	Resistance in E. faecium at flock level - broilers
18	Avilamycin-resistant E. faecium in Danish broiler flocks 1996
19	Avilamycin-resistant E. faecium in Danish broiler flocks 2000
20	Broiler productivity
21	Background In Denmark, antimicrobial growth promoters (AGPs) have been included routinely in broiler feed since the 1970’s AGPs were included in feed both because of the growth promoting effect and to prevent the disease necrotic enteritis In 1998, The Ministry for Food, Agriculture and Fisheries initiated a research project to evaluate what effect the discontinued use of AGPs had on productivity and health
22	Aims Productivity Kg broilers produced per m² Feed conversion ratio (kg feed/ kg broiler) General health Percent dead broilers in total (Mortality)
23	Data The Danish Poultry Council has recorded productivity data since 1975 Data originates from veterinarians, slaughterhouses, producers and the poultry council Data from November 1995 to June 2002 are presented Data from November 1995 to May 1999 were analysed (Emborg et al. 2001. Prevent.Vet.Med.) Trend in data from June 1999 to June 2002 were evaluated
24	Data from November 1995 to May 1999 A total of 14,057 flocks was slaughtered 6,815 flocks were included in the analyses The epidemiological unit: the broiler flock Data had a hierarchical structure Data were analysed in a mixed model from the statistical package SAS (Ver. 6.12) Fixed and random effects and correlation pattern in the same model
25
26	Variables
27	Data from June 1999 to June 2002 A total of 13,368 flocks was slaughtered Data from 6,179 flocks were included in the study The trend in the 3 flock parameters were compared to the results obtained from November 1995 to May 1999
28	Mean kg broilers produced per m²November 1995 to June 2002
29	Kg broilers produced / m² November 1995 to May 1999 There was no difference between kg broilers produced / m²before and after the AGP stop The variables: Mortality the 1^st week, stocking density and weight at slaughter had large impacts on kg broilers produced June 1999 to June 2002 Kg broilers produced per m² seems higher compared to the period before AGP withdrawal
30	Feed conversion ratioNovember 1995 to June 2002
31	Feed conversion ratio November 1995 to May 1999 The feed conversion ratio increased with 0.016 kg feed / kg broiler after the AGP withdrawal The age of the broiler at the time of slaughter had the largest impact on the feed conversion ratio June 1999 to June 2002 A slight decrease in the feed conversion ratio seems to have occurred
32	Percent dead broilers in total November 1995 to June 2002
33	Percent dead broilers in total November 1995 to May 1999 There was no difference between percent dead broilers in total before and after the AGP stop The variables: Mortality the 1^st week had the largest impact on kg broilers produced June 1999 to June 2002 Percent dead broilers in total remained low and a slight decrease may have occurred
34
35	Conclusion (1) November 1995 to May 1999 Expectations Withdrawal of AGPs would result in decreased productivity and increased mortality The result Kg broilers produced per m² and percent dead broilers in total were not affected by the withdrawal of AGPs A small increase of 0.016 kg feed per kg broiler was observed after the AGP withdrawal
36	Conclusion (2) November 1995 to May 1999 The average price of 100 kg broiler feed: 155 DKr Extra 16 gram feed per kg broiler: 0.025 DKr The average price of AGPs per kg broiler: 0.027 DKr The additional expenses to extra feed did not exceed the expenses to AGPs
37	Conclusion (1) June 1999 to June 2002 Expectations Concerns that the negative effect of withdrawing AGPs would slowly build up and become visible at a later point in time Results Data covering up to > 4 years after the AGP withdrawal could not support these concerns
38	Conclusion (2) June 1999 to June 2002 Kg broilers produced per m² has increased compared to the period before AGP withdrawal The feed conversion ratio has decreased slightly after an initial increase Percent dead broilers in total remained low and a slight decrease may even have occurred
39	Food borne pathogens
40	Salmonella
41
42	Salmonella Control Programs and Public Health Impact (I) Broiler chicken and table egg production Top down eradication programme Test and destroy in breeding flocks Test and decontaminate broiler/table egg industry All commercial producers involved All serotypes, but special emphasis on S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis Objective: Eradicate Salmonella from broiler chicken and table egg production
43	Prevalence of Salmonella infected Danish broiler flocks
44	Incidence of human salmonellosis attributable to broilers in Denmark
45	Campylobacter Surveillance % positive flocks ante mortem
46	Campylobacteriosis trends in the Nordic Countries, 1985-2001-UPDATE
47	Danish Campylobacter action plan
48
49
50	Salmonella in table egg production
51	Egg associated human salmonellosis in Denmark, 1988-2001
52	Conclusions (1) The effects of the withdrawal of AGP’s Broiler and finisher pigs No or a minor effect on productivity Weaned pigs Problems with post weaning diarrhea were observed in some herds The Bacon and Meat Council believes that the problems are temporary and they can be solved with improved feed and herd management
53	Conclusions (2) The effects of the withdrawal of AGP’s Antimicrobial resistance A significant decrease in resistance to the most commonly used AGP’s was observed in isolates from animals and some meat products Salmonella prevalence Further reduction in broiler flocks and broiler meat after withdrawal of AGP’s Remained constant in pork and a further decrease was observed in pig herds
54	Acknowledgements
55
56	VRE in healthy and hospitalized humans following prohibition of avoparcin as a growth promoter